I started taking private bassoon lessons. Is anomalous the same as anonymous? I know that a fathom is a unit of measure used by sailors, but how long is a fathom? What is a joss from Victory, by Joseph Conrad? What does eschew from The Pickwick Papers mean? What does excrescence from The Call of the Wild mean? What does the word covert mean? In Shakespeare's Sonnet , what is an oblation? In Moby-Dick , what does vitiate mean?
In War and Peace , what does bane mean? In Jane Eyre , what are chilblains? Does mendacious refer to something that is fixable mendable? Is kickshawses one of those weird words that Shakespeare coined? What is renege , in Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra? What is maxim? I think it's a female name but I'm not sure. Last Valentine's Day, this guy I barely know gave me a rose and said something about ardent love. What does ardent mean? What kind of literature is a picaresque novel?
What does culpable mean? What's a cenotaph? What does gallimaufry mean in The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo? My vocabulary is pretty good, but that one has me stumped! What does it mean to genuflect? Someone told me I was looking wistful. What is wistful? In David Copperfield, what does superannuated mean? Does the word syllogism have something to do with biology? I see the word benefactor a lot in my reading assignments.
Is that somebody who benefits from something? I found a funny word in The Glass Castle. Where did skedaddle come from and what does it mean? Does sinuous mean something like full of sin"? I saw the word in The Devil in the White City.
What are characteristics of Modernist literature, fiction in particular? What does my brother mean when he says he's too ensconced in his studies to look for a girlfriend? My grandpa complained about a bunch of politicians making what he called chin music.
Did he mean they were in a loud band? What is melodrama? In Dracula, what's a missal? In the terms abject poverty and abject misery, what does abject mean?
In Moby-Dick, what does craven mean? What does cicatrize mean? What is a noisome smell" in Tolstoy's War and Peace? In Jane Eyre, what's syncope? I just read Dracula. What's the forcemeat in Jonathan Harker's journal? Can the word stern mean more than one thing? Where is Yoknapatawpha county? What does smouch mean? How do you pronounce quay? And what does it mean, anyway? What are some examples of paradox in the novel Frankenstein?
In Ivanhoe, what does mammock mean? What does rummage mean? Is a mummer some type of religious person? Some guy I don't like told his friend I was acting all demure.
When I complained about our cafeteria food, my biology teacher told me he wished they'd serve agarics. Was he talking about some kind of dessert? Where did the name Of Mice and Men come from?
What genre would you consider the book, The Outsiders? In Fahrenheit , why would a society make being a pedestrian a crime?
What does the phrase, a worn-out man of fashion" mean from Jane Eyre? My teacher told me I was being obdurate. Was that a compliment? What motives inspired Iago to plot revenge against Othello? Who was the first king of Rome? What does enervate mean? What is a parvenu? Is salubrity somehow related to being famous? Do capers have something to do with cops? What's the difference between a soliloquy and a monologue? What's a pandybat? Does the word inexorable have something to do with driving demons out of a person?
Do people who prognosticate have some sort of special power? What is a hegemony, from James Joyce's Ulysses? What are fallow fields? I'm a city gal who heard the term at a 4-H fair and just read it in Anna Karenina. What's the difference between parody and satire?
Lord of the Flies uses the word inimical. I saw vertiginous in Madame Bovary. What does mean the word mean? What does overweening mean, in Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes? Can you hear a dirge anyplace but a funeral? Does imperturbable refer to something you can't break through?
What are the seven ages of man? What's dross? What is an injunction? For school I had to make a Napoleon hat, which called for a cockade. What is that? If someone studies assiduously, does it mean they're working really hard or really slowly?
Define mood as it relates to a work of fiction. Distinguish mood from effect. My sister calls me the Princess of Prevarication. This biography I'm reading about Queen Victoria says that she refused to remove the hatchment she had for her husband Prince Albert.
What does that word mean? What does sine qua non mean? What's lugubrious mean? What's impugn mean, from Ivanhoe? What does postprandial mean? I love reading fashion magazines and occasionally come across the word atelier.
What does King Lear mean when he says that ingratitude is a marble-hearted fiend"? In Mary Shelley's Frankenstein , what are disquisitions? What's shrive? My neighbor said she's been unshriven for years, but I think her skin looks quite shriveled. What's a dobbin? What's polemic? Over winter break, my uncle told me I was polemic and asked if I was on the debate team at school. I came across a list of homonyms: mu, moo, moue. I know mu is Greek for the letter m , and moo is the sound cows make, but what's a moue?
What does trow mean? In Far from the Madding Crowd , what does cavil mean? Where can I find the word naught in The Scarlet Letter? I found an old diary from the s where the writer describes how he almost died but was saved by a sinapism.
I know what mulch is, but what's mulct? When our teacher was introducing the next reading assignment, he said we'll be using the unexpurgated version. What did he mean? For some reason, the word dingle sticks in my head after having read Treasure Island years ago. I never did discover what it meant. How about it, Cliff?
In Dracula , what's stertorous breathing? What does philippic mean? I'm usually pretty good at guessing what words mean, but have no clue about exigence. What is it? What's doughty? How do you pronounce it? What's sharecropping? I'm kind of embarrassed to ask, because it's one of those words everyone assumes you know what it means. I'm working on my summer reading list with Kafka's The Trial. The very first sentence uses traduce , and I don't know what that means. What does the cormorant bird symbolize in mythology?
I saw the word badinage in the book Uncle Tom's Cabin. Do you think that's a typo that really should be bandage? On a TV modeling contest, a judge said, Her simian walk is unbelievable. In Oliver Twist , Dodger refers to Oliver as flash companion. Can't find a definition of this anywhere. Do elocutionists kill people? For my English homework, I have to write a love poem. I'm only 13 and I haven't had my first love yet. How would I go about writing about feelings that I haven't felt yet?
Where on the body would I find my sarcophagus? What's stolid? It sounds like someone who's stupid and built solid like a wall. What's a wonton person?
In which play did William Shakespeare state that misery loves company? What's comfit? Is it a different way of saying comfort? Where did the story Frankenstein by Mary Shelley take place? What kind of person would a shallow-pate be?
What are myrmidons of Justice" in Great Expectations? What did I do? In The Red Badge of Courage , what's an imprecation?
The word portmanteau shows up in a lot of the literature I read for school assignments. It sounds French. I did something really stupid yesterday, and my grandfather told me I was hoist with my own petard.
And what's a petard? What's a bourse? I read it in my finance class. In The House of Mirth, what are oubliettes? In Tess of the d'Urbervilles, what are thimble-riggers? In Wuthering Heights , what's a thible? Which Hemingway story references the running of the bulls" in Spain? My dad mentioned that his granddad was there for a long time during World War I. If somebody is toady," does it mean they're ugly?
In the movie Failure to Launch , there's a line that goes, Well, she certainly is yar," in reference to a yacht. What's yar? I got detention because a teacher said I was being contumacious. What's that? What are encomiums? What are billets in The Three Musketeers? In Orwell's , what is doublethink? What are orts? That's a weird word that reminds me of orcs from The Lord of the Rings. What are alliteration and assonance?
What's quinsy? What is New Historicism? I found the word unwonted in a book I'm reading. Is that a typo, you think? In Heart of Darkness , what does cipher mean? In the play The Glass Menagerie, would you describe Tom as selfish?
What does Kantian mean, from a philosophical perspective? What's a colonnade? My girlfriend is freaking me out with stories of her dream wedding where she walks down a colonnade. I know this is the least of my problems, but I'm curious. My grandma says she knows how I feel when I knit my brows.
Is she crazy? I know bier has something to do with dead people, but what is it exactly? My brainy brother owns a Harley and says his girlfriend is the pillion. Is he insulting her or just showing off? I ran across the word mien in a book. Is it a typo? Is a younker a person or a place? Does precipitancy have something to do with the weather?
Any suggestions? A friend says she suffers from ineffable sadness. What's ineffable? What's a scow? Is a maelstrom some kind of dangerous weather? What is the meaning of this saying, The cat will mew and dog will have his day"? The Picture of Dorian Gray mentions a panegyric on youth.
In Madame Bovary , what's a mairie? In The Kite Runner, what's palliative mean? So what's oligarchy? In government class, my teacher mentioned that word when we were talking about the Blagojevich scandal in Illinois.
Is intrepidity a good thing or a bad thing? My grandmother told me that she thinks grandpa should see an alienist. Does she think he's from another planet or what? Do you have to have licentiousness to get your driver's license? I ran across the word hardihood in something I read the other day. Is it some kind of clothing? I saw mention of haversack in my history book. I'm guessing the word quadroon is four of something.
But what's a roon? I'm trying to understand Shakespeare's play, King Lear. Can you explain these quotes from Act 1, Scene 1? In Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment , what's a samovar? I came across a music channel that featured tejano," and then I saw the same word when I was reading Bless Me, Ultima. But what the heck is prunella? Is it a purplish color like prunes? In Chapter 2 of Jane Eyre , what are divers parchments? A friend of mine said she hopes to get a counterpane for Christmas.
In Wuthering Heights, what does munificent mean? The other day, my dad called my friends a motley crew. Is that his way of saying I should hang out with a different crowd? Why is there an authorship problem with Shakespeare? What is it called when something is out of place in time, like a jet stream in a movie about ancient Rome? In , does Winston die from a bullet at the end of the book or is he in a dream-state? I saw some old guy in a soldier's uniform selling fake red flowers.
He said it was for Veterans Day. What's the connection? I was kind of flirting with this really cute boy when my teacher told me to stop palavering. Did she want me to stop flirting or stop talking? My grandmother says when she was a kid in China, she became Catholic because of the Mary Knows nuns. I tried to look that up on the Internet but couldn't find anything. Can you help? In The Count of Monte Cristo , does cupidity mean love?
I'm guessing that because of, you know, Cupid. Valentine's Day. My theater teacher called me a name the other day. I don't think it was supposed to be a compliment. What's a somnambulist, anyway? Why was Tartuffe such a jerk? To Kill a Mockingbird has this word fey in it, but I don't know what it means. Does it mean short lived or fleeting?
Then I saw that word in Frankenstein. What's a hovel? I thought it was like a place that had room service. I have a friend who said something about phantasmagoric. That's not real, is it? Which of the following literary devices is used in these poetic lines by John Milton? In Faulkner's A Rose for Emily," what does noblesse oblige mean? Why does Satan rebel against God? I'm reading Candide, by Voltaire, and one of the dudes is an Anabaptist.
In Romeo and Juliet , who was the last person to see Juliet alive? What is the Catechism? Is there a reference to venereal disease in Romeo and Juliet? What is fantasy fiction? What is the exposition in Othello? Who is the character Susan in Romeo and Juliet?
What is a found poem? What did Alice Walker mean in the essay Beauty"? Frankenstein create his monster? What is the name of the surgeon and the English ship he's on in Moby-Dick? What are the differences between an epic hero and a Romantic hero?
I'm in a literary dispute over this! What did W. Du Bois mean when he wrote of second-sight? What is nihilism, and what should I read to get a better understanding of it? What is the difference between an atheist and an agnostic? What are intelligent design and creationism and how are they related? What is misanthropy? I would like to understand the poem Blight" by Ralph Waldo Emerson. Please help. When reading Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice , what does entailment mean?
What does ignominy mean? From Shelley's Frankenstein What does pecuniary mean? What is an apostrophe in Macbeth?
Is music a language? Why should literature be studied? In the book The Scarlet Letter , what is a vigil? What should I do now?! What is the exact quote in Hamlet about something being wrong in Denmark? Something smells? Something is amiss? What does Utilitarianism mean, from a philosophical perspective? What was the form of English that Shakespeare used? What was the "final solution" in the book Night by Elie Wiesel?
With the many novels out there, is there a database of some sort that can narrow down your choices to a specific book of interest for pleasure reading? And if not, why hasn't there been? How do you pronounce Houyhnhnms? How can Jordan Baker be described as a professional golfer?
To my knowledge, the LPGA did not form until the mids. What are the humanities? What classic novels take place in Florida? In which Hemingway short story is the saying, "Children's shoes for sale"? Who is the "lady" that Robert Plant speaks of in the song "Stairway to Heaven"? Was Odysseus the one who planned the Trojan horse, in the Trojan War?
How do I get my smart-but-hates-to-read son interested in reading? Poetry gives me problems. How can I figure out what poems are about? How do you analyze a novel? What does it mean to ululate? From Golding's Lord of the Flies Is ambrosia a salad? From Homer's The Odyssey What is a harbinger? From Shakespeare's Macbeth What does it mean to be refractory?
From Dickens' Great Expectations What is a querulous kid? From Wharton's Ethan Frome What does the word runagate mean? From Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet What is the word, imprimis? From Conrad's Heart of Darkness What or who is a scullion?
From Shakespeare's Hamlet What is a schism? From Swift's Gulliver's Travels What does it mean to be salubrious? From Shakespeare's Hamlet What is vicissitude? From Wharton's House of Mirth What does the word replete mean? From Shakespeare's Henry V What are orisons? From Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet What does it mean to be ephemeral? What does it mean to be placid?
What does it mean to be farinaceous? From Tolstoy's Anna Karenina What does dejection mean? From Shelley's Frankenstein What is animadversion? From Shakespeare's Othello Someone called me erudite. Is that good? What is a mountebank? From Shakespeare's Macbeth What does it mean to be puissant? From Shakespeare's Julius Caesar What is a purloiner? From Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment What does it mean to be ostensible? From Dickens's Bleak House What is behoveful?
From Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet What is a precentor? From Golding's Lord of the Flies What does it mean to be loquacious? From Cervantes's Don Quixote What does imprudence mean?
From Stevenson's Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde What does it mean to be spurious? From James' Daisy Miller What is a retinue? Humans feel the need to classify natural entities and the viruses are no exception. As in other biological systems, virus classification is an approximate and imperfect exercise. Like any other type of classification, it is a totally artificial and human-driven activity without any natural base.
All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. The cell is the basic unit of structure, function, and organization in organisms. Cells arise from a pre-existing cell. Because viruses are not made up of any cells , and these viruses do not affect cells in any process, so viruses are not related to cell theory. Viruses are like hijackers. They invade living, normal cells and use those cells to multiply and produce other viruses like themselves.
This can kill, damage, or change the cells and make you sick. Different viruses attack certain cells in your body such as your liver, respiratory system, or blood.
Bacteria are neither animals nor plants. In contrast, plants and animals are made up of eukaryotic cells, which means they have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria or golgi apparatus. Most biologists say no. Even though they definitely replicate and adapt to their environment, viruses are more like androids than real living organisms. They interact with the cells they infect, but most of this is simply based on virus anatomy. For example, they bind to receptors on cells, inject their genetic material into the cell, and can evolve over time within an organism.
In the absence of the living host, the viruses may run out of food and eventually die. Viruses are microscopic organisms that are known to be the connecting link between living and non-living. These were not placed under the five-kingdom classification since they are neither living nor dead. Hence, they form their own group.
Unlike the system of binomial nomenclature adopted in cellular species, there is currently no standardized form for virus species names. At present, the ICTV mandates that a species name must contain as few words as possible while remaining distinct , and must not only contain the word virus and the host name. Viruses: Viruses do not belong to the above 5 kingdoms of life.
They are much smaller and much less complex than cells. Viruses are alive only until they are inside their host cell. They are considered to behave dead when outside the host cell. Hence, Viruses are an exception to cell theory. The organisms which are not considered as living will show exceptions. Bacteria :- they are the members of kingdom Monera. They have their own machinery.
They are replicated by their own and have their own genetic material so they are considered as living and are applicable in cell theory. The other main exception to cell theory is the special case of viruses. Viruses lack the ability to generate energy on their own, and also generate no waste products, both hallmarks of living organisms. Viruses also lack the ability to replicate without first invading a host cell.
In , biologist Patrick Forterre of the Pasteur Institute in Paris argued that viruses alternate between an inactive state outside a cell and a living, metabolically active state inside a cell that he calls the virocell.
For Forterre, viruses are like seeds or spores. They have the potential for action and that potential can be extinguished. While debates over classification can at times feel frivolous, in reality how we talk about viruses affects how they are researched, treated and eradicated. Personifying viruses as villains and menaces interferes with a real understanding of evolution and nature, says Colin Hill , an infectious disease specialist at University College Cork in Ireland.
Like that dirt, some scientists consider persistent viral infections as simply a nuisance and therefore not urgent to study. For example, a DNA virus called polyomavirus is commonly used in laboratories to study how viruses cause cancer.
But understanding such infections is hugely important to humankind. Viruses have been disregarded in other ways, too. Consider the tree of life, a model and research tool used to depict evolution through time. Viruses are routinely left off, including in popular versions such as the Interactive Tree of Life. Without viruses, one cannot fully understand the mechanisms of evolution, says Hill.
Viruses are wildly abundant. They infect all cellular life, from single-celled bacteria to elephants, and they are especially dense in the ocean, where they work as a gigantic recycling network, ripping apart 20 percent of the bacteria and other microbes there each day to release tons of carbon, which is then used by other microorganisms to grow.
Viral DNA is transmitted not only from one viral particle to its progeny, but also to other viruses and other species. Because of this, viral genetic sequences have permanently taken up residence in the genomes of all organisms, including ours, and we rely on them. Viral DNA is required for the formation of the mammalian placenta; it is crucial in the growth of early embryos; and the human innate immune system is made up, in part, of ancient viral proteins.
When a person is fighting COVID, they are doing it with the help of viruses that colonized our cells long ago. Viruses are not a missing branch of the tree of life; they are woven into every limb and leaf. Scientists may always dispute whether viruses are alive or not, but they can hopefully agree on the importance of viruses to life as we know it.
Scientists and journalists share a core belief in questioning, observing and verifying to reach the truth.
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